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A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. endobj The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? Marco is using an example of. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. 1959. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. /ImageC They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). B. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? The three faces of racism | Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". . Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. He did this for one-half hour. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. The five ratings were: 1. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. 4. New York Times, p.C1. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. J. abnorm. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). experiment. New York: Harper & Row. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. This has many practical implications. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. /L 680077 (Boulding, 1969) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. We'll bring you back here when you are done. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? 2. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. 0 Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Alex was most likely engaging in________. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? Rating scale 0 to 10. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. 1. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. Explanation: In the experiment Festinger and Carlsmith asked the participants to do a dull task. endobj After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Festinger, L. (1957). So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. This is an example of which rule of attraction? Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Sherry H. Priester The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Introducing Cram Folders! He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. 0000012870 00000 n Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. AP Psych Exam - Social Psychology Quiz - Quizizz Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. 1 The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Like Explorable? If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. 0000094931 00000 n Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. Introducing Cram Folders! The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. %%EOF endobj If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. soc. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? >> As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. 49 0 obj This is most like which of the following techniques? According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. Christopher D. Green Two derivations from this theory are tested here. Festinger, L. (1957). 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 112 John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Oct. 2011. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. These are: 1. // adblocker detected Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet This is an example of_______ cause. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. You have created 2 folders. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. How are these 100 people likely to respond? /Type/Page Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. 2. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Social Researcher. JANIS, I.L. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. & KING, B.T. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. ] those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. KING, B.T. Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. in order to reduce dissonance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. startxref %PDF-1.5 50 0 obj They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . 2. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Don't see what you need? Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview.